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% POLICY.JSON(5) policy.json Man Page
% Miloslav Trmač
% September 2016
# Signature verification policy file format
Signature verification policy files are used to specify policy, e.g. trusted keys,
applicable when deciding whether to accept an image, or individual signatures of that image, as valid.
The default policy is stored (unless overridden at compile-time) at `/etc/containers/policy.json`;
applications performing verification may allow using a different policy instead.
## Overall structure
The signature verification policy file, usually called `policy.json`,
uses a JSON format. Unlike some other JSON files, its parsing is fairly strict:
unrecognized, duplicated or otherwise invalid fields cause the entire file,
and usually the entire operation, to be rejected.
The purpose of the policy file is to define a set of *policy requirements* for a container image,
usually depending on its location (where it is being pulled from) or otherwise defined identity.
Policy requirements can be defined for:
- An individual *scope* in a *transport*.
The *transport* values are the same as the transport prefixes when pushing/pulling images (e.g. `docker:`, `atomic:`),
and *scope* values are defined by each transport; see below for more details.
Usually, a scope can be defined to match a single image, and various prefixes of
such a most specific scope define namespaces of matching images.
- A default policy for a single transport, expressed using an empty string as a scope
- A global default policy.
If multiple policy requirements match a given image, only the requirements from the most specific match apply,
the more general policy requirements definitions are ignored.
This is expressed in JSON using the top-level syntax
```js
{
"default": [/* policy requirements: global default */]
"transports": {
transport_name: {
"": [/* policy requirements: default for transport $transport_name */],
scope_1: [/* policy requirements: default for $scope_1 in $transport_name */],
scope_2: [/*…*/]
/*…*/
},
transport_name_2: {/*…*/}
/*…*/
}
}
```
The global `default` set of policy requirements is mandatory; all of the other fields
(`transports` itself, any specific transport, the transport-specific default, etc.) are optional.
<!-- NOTE: Keep this in sync with transports/transports.go! -->
## Supported transports and their scopes
### `atomic:`
The `atomic:` transport refers to images in an Atomic Registry.
Supported scopes use the form _hostname_[`:`_port_][`/`_namespace_[`/`_imagestream_ [`:`_tag_]]],
i.e. either specifying a complete name of a tagged image, or prefix denoting
a host/namespace/image stream.
*Note:* The _hostname_ and _port_ refer to the Docker registry host and port (the one used
e.g. for `docker pull`), _not_ to the OpenShift API host and port.
### `dir:`
The `dir:` transport refers to images stored in local directories.
Supported scopes are paths of directories (either containing a single image or
subdirectories possibly containing images).
*Note:* The paths must be absolute and contain no symlinks. Paths violating these requirements may be silently ignored.
The top-level scope `"/"` is forbidden; use the transport default scope `""`,
for consistency with other transports.
### `docker:`
The `docker:` transport refers to images in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2".
Scopes matching individual images are named Docker references *in the fully expanded form*, either
using a tag or digest. For example, `docker.io/library/busybox:latest` (*not* `busybox:latest`).
More general scopes are prefixes of individual-image scopes, and specify a repository (by omitting the tag or digest),
a repository namespace, or a registry host (by only specifying the host name).
### `oci:`
The `oci:` transport refers to images in directories compliant with "Open Container Image Layout Specification".
Supported scopes use the form _directory_`:`_tag_, and _directory_ referring to
a directory containing one or more tags, or any of the parent directories.
*Note:* See `dir:` above for semantics and restrictions on the directory paths, they apply to `oci:` equivalently.
## Policy Requirements
Using the mechanisms above, a set of policy requirements is looked up. The policy requirements
are represented as a JSON array of individual requirement objects. For an image to be accepted,
*all* of the requirements must be satisfied simulatenously.
The policy requirements can also be used to decide whether an individual signature is accepted (= is signed by a recognized key of a known author);
in that case some requirements may apply only to some signatures, but each signature must be accepted by *at least one* requirement object.
The following requirement objects are supported:
### `insecureAcceptAnything`
A simple requirement with the following syntax
```json
{"type":"insecureAcceptAnything"}
```
This requirement accepts any image (but note that other requirements in the array still apply).
When deciding to accept an individual signature, this requirement does not have any effect; it does *not* cause the signature to be accepted, though.
This is useful primarily for policy scopes where no signature verification is required;
because the array of policy requirements must not be empty, this requirement is used
to represent the lack of requirements explicitly.
### `reject`
A simple requirement with the following syntax:
```json
{"type":"reject"}
```
This requirement rejects every image, and every signature.
### `signedBy`
This requirement requires an image to be signed with an expected identity, or accepts a signature if it is using an expected identity and key.
```js
{
"type": "signedBy",
"keyType": "GPGKeys", /* The only currently supported value */
"keyPath": "/path/to/local/keyring/file",
"keyData": "base64-encoded-keyring-data",
"signedIdentity": identity_requirement
}
```
<!-- Later: other keyType values -->
Exactly one of `keyPath` and `keyData` must be present, containing a GPG keyring of one or more public keys. Only signatures made by these keys are accepted.
The `signedIdentity` field, a JSON object, specifies what image identity the signature claims about the image.
One of the following alternatives are supported:
- The identity in the signature must exactly match the image identity:
```json
{"type":"matchExact"}
```
- The identity in the signature must be in the same repository as the image identity. This is useful e.g. to pull an image using the `:latest` tag when the image is signed with a tag specifing an exact image version.
```json
{"type":"matchRepository"}
```
- The identity in the signature must exactly match a specified identity.
This is useful e.g. when locally mirroring images signed using their public identity.
```js
{
"type": "exactReference",
"dockerReference": docker_reference_value
}
```
- The identity in the signature must be in the same repository as a specified identity.
This combines the properties of `matchRepository` and `exactReference`.
```js
{
"type": "exactRepository",
"dockerRepository": docker_repository_value
}
```
If the `signedIdentity` field is missing, it is treated as `matchExact`.
*Note*: `matchExact` and `matchRepository` can be only used if a Docker-like image identity is
provided by the transport. In particular, the `dir:` and `oci:` transports can be only
used with `exactReference` or `exactRepository`.
<!-- ### `signedBaseLayer` -->
## Examples
It is *strongly* recommended to set the `default` policy to `reject`, and then
selectively allow individual transports and scopes as desired.
### A reasonably locked-down system
(Note that the `/*`…`*/` comments are not valid in JSON, and must not be used in real policies.)
```js
{
"default": [{"type": "reject"}], /* Reject anything not explicitly allowed */
"transports": {
"docker": {
/* Allow installing images from a specific repository namespace, without cryptographic verification.
This namespace includes images like openshift/hello-openshift and openshift/origin. */
"docker.io/openshift": [{"type": "insecureAcceptAnything"}],
/* Similarly, allow installing the “official” busybox images. Note how the fully expanded
form, with the explicit /library/, must be used. */
"docker.io/library/busybox": [{"type": "insecureAcceptAnything"}]
/* Other docker: images use the global default policy and are rejected */
},
"dir": {
"": [{"type": "insecureAcceptAnything"}] /* Allow any images originating in local directories */
},
"atomic": {
/* The common case: using a known key for a repository or set of repositories */
"hostname:5000/myns/official": [
{
"type": "signedBy",
"keyType": "GPGKeys",
"keyPath": "/path/to/official-pubkey.gpg"
}
],
/* A more complex example, for a repository which contains a mirror of a third-party product,
which must be signed-off by local IT */
"hostname:5000/vendor/product": [
{ /* Require the image to be signed by the original vendor, using the vendor's repository location. */
"type": "signedBy",
"keyType": "GPGKeys",
"keyPath": "/path/to/vendor-pubkey.gpg",
"signedIdentity": {
"type": "exactRepository",
"dockerRepository": "vendor-hostname/product/repository"
}
},
{ /* Require the image to _also_ be signed by a local reviewer. */
"type": "signedBy",
"keyType": "GPGKeys",
"keyPath": "/path/to/reviewer-pubkey.gpg"
}
]
}
}
}
```
### Completely disable security, allow all images, do not trust any signatures
```json
{
"default": [{"type": "insecureAcceptAnything"}]
}
```
### A _temporary_ work-around to allow accessing any image by digest
Usually, identities in signatures use the _repository_`:`_tag_ format,
which is not matched when pulling a specific image using a digest.
To allow such operations, a policy may set `signedIdentity` to `matchRepository`, similar
to the following fragment:
```json
"hostname:5000/allow/pull/by/tag": [
{
"type": "signedBy",
"keyType": "GPGKeys",
"keyPath": "/path/to/some.gpg"
"signedIdentity": {
"type": "matchRepository"
}
}
]
```
*Warning*: This completely turns off tag matching for the signature check in question,
allowing also pulls by tag to accept signatures for any other tag.
A more granular solution for this situation will be provided in the future ( https://github.com/containers/image/issues/99 ).

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% REGISTRIES.D(5) Registries.d Man Page
% Miloslav Trmač
% August 2016
# Registries Configuration Directory
The registries configuration directory contains configuration for various registries
(servers storing remote container images), and for content stored in them,
so that the configuration does not have to be provided in command-line options over and over for every command,
and so that it can be shared by all users of containers/image.
By default (unless overridden at compile-time), the registries configuration directory is `/etc/containers/registries.d`;
applications may allow using a different directory instead.
## Directory Structure
The directory may contain any number of files with the extension `.yaml`,
each using the YAML format. Other than the mandatory extension, names of the files
don’t matter.
The contents of these files are merged together; to have a well-defined and easy to understand
behavior, there can be only one configuration section describing a single namespace within a registry
(in particular there can be at most one one `default-docker` section across all files,
and there can be at most one instance of any key under the the `docker` section;
these sections are documented later).
Thus, it is forbidden to have two conflicting configurations for a single registry or scope,
and it is also forbidden to split a configuration for a single registry or scope across
more than one file (even if they are not semantically in conflict).
## Registries, Scopes and Search Order
Each YAML file must contain a “YAML mapping” (key-value pairs). Two top-level keys are defined:
- `default-docker` is the _configuration section_ (as documented below)
for registries implementing "Docker Registry HTTP API V2".
This key is optional.
- `docker` is a mapping, using individual registries implementing "Docker Registry HTTP API V2",
or namespaces and individual images within these registries, as keys;
the value assigned to any such key is a _configuration section_.
This key is optional.
Scopes matching individual images are named Docker references *in the fully expanded form*, either
using a tag or digest. For example, `docker.io/library/busybox:latest` (*not* `busybox:latest`).
More general scopes are prefixes of individual-image scopes, and specify a repository (by omitting the tag or digest),
a repository namespace, or a registry host (and a port if it differs from the default).
Note that if a registry is accessed using a hostname+port configuration, the port-less hostname
is _not_ used as parent scope.
When searching for a configuration to apply for an individual container image, only
the configuration for the most-precisely matching scope is used; configuration using
more general scopes is ignored. For example, if _any_ configuration exists for
`docker.io/library/busybox`, the configuration for `docker.io` is ignored
(even if some element of the configuration is defined for `docker.io` and not for `docker.io/library/busybox`).
## Individual Configuration Sections
A single configuration section is selected for a container image using the process
described above. The configuration section is a YAML mapping, with the following keys:
- `sigstore-staging` defines an URL of of the signature storage, used for editing it (adding or deleting signatures).
This key is optional; if it is missing, `sigstore` below is used.
- `sigstore` defines an URL of the signature storage.
This URL is used for reading existing signatures,
and if `sigstore-staging` does not exist, also for adding or removing them.
This key is optional; if it is missing, no signature storage is defined (no signatures
are download along with images, adding new signatures is possible only if `sigstore-staging` is defined).
## Examples
### Using Containers from Various Origins
The following demonstrates how to to consume and run images from various registries and namespaces:
```yaml
docker:
registry.database-supplier.com:
sigstore: https://sigstore.database-supplier.com
distribution.great-middleware.org:
sigstore: https://security-team.great-middleware.org/sigstore
docker.io/web-framework:
sigstore: https://sigstore.web-framework.io:8080
```
### Developing and Signing Containers, Staging Signatures
For developers in `example.com`:
- Consume most container images using the public servers also used by clients.
- Use a separate sigure storage for an container images in a namespace corresponding to the developers' department, with a staging storage used before publishing signatures.
- Craft an individual exception for a single branch a specific developer is working on locally.
```yaml
docker:
registry.example.com:
sigstore: https://registry-sigstore.example.com
registry.example.com/mydepartment:
sigstore: https://sigstore.mydepartment.example.com
sigstore-staging: file:///mnt/mydepartment/sigstore-staging
registry.example.com/mydepartment/myproject:mybranch:
sigstore: http://localhost:4242/sigstore
sigstore-staging: file:///home/useraccount/webroot/sigstore
```
### A Global Default
If a company publishes its products using a different domain, and different registry hostname for each of them, it is still possible to use a single signature storage server
without listing each domain individually. This is expected to rarely happen, usually only for staging new signatures.
```yaml
default-docker:
sigstore-staging: file:///mnt/company/common-sigstore-staging
```
# AUTHORS
Miloslav Trmač <mitr@redhat.com>